personal covenant
A covenant that creates a personal right or obligation enforceable only between the cove-nanting parties and that is not binding on the heirs or assigns of the parties. Cf. covenant running with the land.
Search Results for: personal covenant
personal covenant
personal covenant 对人契约 仅对缔约人本人有约束力的契约。该契约及其履约责任等并不随作为标的物的土地转让，对方也不能向缔约人的继承人、财产代管人、受让人等索还标的物或要求履行。区别于对物契约〔real covenant〕。 (→covenant running with the land)
personal action
personal action (1)对人之诉 早期普通法中的民事诉讼可分为对人之诉〔personal action〕、不动产权益之诉〔real action〕和混合之诉〔mixed action〕，其中对人之诉是基于合同或侵权而针对特定个人提起的诉讼，其目的在于要求被告履行合同债务或是针对所造成的损害进行赔偿。合同性质对人之诉包括报账之诉〔action of account〕、简式契约之诉〔assumpsit〕、允诺契据之诉〔covenant〕、定额债务之诉〔debt〕等；侵权性质对人之诉包括动产占有回复之诉〔replevin〕、侵害之诉〔trespass〕、非法挪用之诉〔trover〕、陪审团裁定之诉〔attaint〕、类案之诉〔case〕、诈欺之诉〔deceit〕、包讼之诉〔champerty〕、共谋之诉〔conspiracy〕、扣留财物之诉〔detinue〕等。这些诉讼连同与其相应的诉讼开始令状〔original writ〕及诉讼程式均于19世纪一并被废除。这个词现在常用来指对人诉讼〔action in personam〕，即法庭判决是要求特定个人作出一定行为，通常是支付金钱，以区别于对物诉讼〔action in rem〕。在对物诉讼中，原告是针对特定的物提出物权主张或债权主张，即主张自己对某物享有权利，或要求别人针对该物所作的损害进行赔偿。最后该词也指只能由当事人本人提起的诉讼。在大陆法中，对人之诉要求被告履行基于合同或侵权所产生的债务，即要求被告转移对某物的控制，履行某种义务或是赔偿一定的损失。 (2)对人诉讼(=action in personam) (3)(罗马法)对人诉讼(=actio personalis；personalis actio) (→real action; action; mixed action)
hotchpot
hotchpot (hoch-pot), n. 1. The blending of items of property to secure equality of division, esp. as practiced either in cases of divorce or in cases in which advancements of an intestate’s property must be made up to the estate by a contribution or by an accounting. — Also termed hotchpotch; hotchpot rule. Cf. RAPPORT
(1) forms of action (1)
(1) forms of action (1) 诉讼程式；诉讼格式 普通法上的诉讼程式，与普通法所确认的责任理论相适应。若原告未恰当地分析诉因，选择合适的责任理论并选用正确的诉讼程式，则起诉将被驳回。原告必须在起诉前选定诉讼程式，不得在起诉后更改。按照不同的救济要求，诉讼可分为三大类：不动产诉讼〔real action〕,要求索回不动产；混合诉讼〔mixed action〕,要求索回不动产及赔偿对不动产的损害；对人诉讼〔personal action〕,要求追索债务或动产，或要求赔偿对人身、财产或合同权利的损害。普通法上的诉讼程式通常有11种：侵害之诉〔trespass〕、间接侵害之诉〔trespass on the case〕、动产侵占之诉〔trover〕、收回土地之诉〔ejectment〕、返还动产之诉〔detinue〕、动产占有回复之诉〔replevin〕、追索债务之诉〔debt〕、允诺契据之诉〔covenant〕、报账之诉〔account〕、特别简约之诉〔special assumpsit〕、普通简约之诉〔general assumpsit〕。诉讼程式在英国已为1873-1875年的《司法组织法》〔Judicature Acts〕所废除。美国联邦和绝大多数州均已废除普通法上的诉讼程式，只留下一种程式，即「民事诉讼」。
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security agreement
security agreement. An agreement that creates or provides for an interest in specified real or personal property to guarantee the performance of an obligation. • It must provide for a security interest, describe the collateral, and be signed by the debtor. The agreement may include other important covenants and warranties. [Cases: Secured Transactions 41–51. C.J.S.
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